Diving into laser engraving can feel like learning a new language. Let’s clear up some common terms you’ll run into, whether you’re rocking a Monport or another popular brand like OMTech, Glowforge, Cloudray, or xTool.
1. CO₂ Laser
A type of laser that uses a gas mixture—primarily carbon dioxide—to create the laser beam. Commonly used for cutting and engraving non-metal materials.
2. Fiber Laser
A solid-state laser often used for metal marking and cutting. More expensive and powerful than CO₂ lasers, typically found in industrial settings.
3. Laser Tube
The part of a CO₂ laser that actually generates the laser beam. Typically water-cooled, with a lifespan measured in hours of use (e.g., 1,000–10,000 hours).
4. Wattage (Power)
Indicates the laser’s strength. Higher wattage can cut thicker materials and engrave faster, but it also consumes more power and may cost more.
5. Focal Length
The distance between the laser lens and the material’s surface. Proper focal length ensures crisp, accurate cuts or engraves.
6. Kerf
The width of material removed by the laser beam. It’s important for precise fitting of inlays or puzzle-like pieces.
7. Feed Rate (Speed)
How fast the laser head moves over the material. Faster speeds often mean shallower cuts, while slower speeds can cut deeper or burn more.
8. PPI / DPI
Pulses per inch (PPI) or dots per inch (DPI)—a measurement of how many laser pulses occur in a given distance. Higher values can improve engraving detail but might slow down production.
9. Air Assist
A stream of air directed at the cutting area to remove smoke and debris. It helps produce cleaner cuts and reduces the risk of flare-ups.
10. Rotary Attachment
An add-on that rotates cylindrical objects so the laser can engrave around them. Useful for tumblers, glasses, and cylindrical containers.
11. Lens & Mirrors
Optical components that guide and focus the laser beam. Keeping them clean and aligned is crucial for optimal performance.
12. Chiller / Cooling System
A device or setup that cools the laser tube, preventing overheating and prolonging its life. Many CO₂ lasers come with a water-cooling system.
13. Raster Engraving
The laser scans back and forth (like an inkjet printer) to engrave designs or images. Great for detailed artwork or photos.
14. Vector Cutting
The laser follows a continuous path (vector) to cut out shapes. Typically used for outlines or patterns.
15. Gantry
The moving framework that holds the laser head. It slides on rails or rods, enabling the head to move across the X and Y axes.
16. Spindle (CNC Term)
A motor used in CNC routers to rotate cutting bits. Not found in lasers, but you’ll hear this term if you’re comparing laser cutters to CNC machines.
17. Grayscale Engraving
Adjusting laser power based on varying shades of gray in an image, allowing for 3D-like depth.
18. Overburn / Scorching
Excess heat that causes material darkening or burning around the cut or engraved area. Controlled by adjusting speed, power, or air assist.
19. Test Fire
A brief laser pulse to check alignment, focal point, or ensure the laser tube is firing correctly.
20. Firmware
Software installed on the laser’s controller board that governs machine functions. Occasional updates can fix bugs or add features.
Wrap-Up
Knowing these terms will help you navigate forums, troubleshoot issues, and better understand your laser’s manual. Don’t be shy about referring back to this cheat sheet as you master the craft—everyone starts somewhere. And remember, if you’re rocking a Monport, you’ll find many of these terms clearly explained in their user-friendly documentation, which is one reason I like their machines.
Happy lasering!
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